Emirats Àrabs Units Tailàndia Residència fiscal Fiscalitat internacional Monaco Non-dom IRPF Doble imposició

Residències fiscals al 0% el 2026: opcions reals, trampes i què ha de mirar algú que surt d’Espanya

Millionaire Migrant classifica les jurisdiccions amb impostos personals nuls o reduïts en tres grups: tipus zero real, sistemes territorials o de remesa i programes temporals. La llista és útil, però un visat o un certificat estranger no fan desaparèixer per si sols la residència fiscal a Espanya.

Una residència fiscal al 0% sembla una idea senzilla: obtenir un permís, passar uns mesos en un altre país i deixar de pagar impost sobre la renda. El vídeo de Millionaire Migrant explica per què aquesta imatge és incompleta i classifica les opcions del 2026 en tres grans grups.

Hi ha països sense impost personal sobre la renda; territoris que graven només la renda local o la que es remet al país, i programes especials que ofereixen una exempció durant uns anys. Tots poden acabar amb una factura reduïda, però funcionen de manera molt diferent.

Per a una persona que avui és resident fiscal a Espanya, la pregunta decisiva no és només què cobra el país de destí. És si realment deixa de ser resident a Espanya, on s’origina cada renda i quin conveni resol una possible doble residència.

Aquest article és informació general. Les regles depenen de nacionalitat, família, activitat, societats, patrimoni i dates exactes. Un canvi de residència s’ha de revisar abans d’executar-lo amb professionals dels dos països implicats.

Tres maneres diferents d’arribar a un impost baix

El vídeo proposa una classificació útil.

1. Tipus zero real

La jurisdicció no aplica impost personal sobre la renda, encara que pugui cobrar IVA, duanes, impostos immobiliaris, cotitzacions, taxes o gravàmens empresarials.

El vídeo inclou els Emirats Àrabs Units, Qatar, Bahrain i Kuwait; illes com les Bahames, Bermudes, Caiman, les Illes Verges Britàniques, Turks i Caicos i Anguilla; i altres països com Antigua i Barbuda, Vanuatu i Brunei.

Dir «0%» no significa que viure-hi sigui gratuït ni que qualsevol renda quedi fora de tributació a tot arreu. Un immoble situat a Espanya, per exemple, pot continuar generant impostos espanyols per a un no resident.

2. Sistemes territorials o de remesa

El país grava la renda que s’origina al seu territori o determinada renda estrangera quan s’hi envia. El resultat depèn de la font, del moment de la remesa i de l’activitat real.

El vídeo esmenta, entre altres, Panamà, Costa Rica, Paraguai, Uruguai, Hong Kong, Singapur, Malàisia, Geòrgia, Tailàndia, Filipines, Malta, Xipre, Gibraltar i Irlanda.

No formen un únic règim. Alguns eximeixen àmpliament persones físiques; altres tenen condicions, excepcions o conceptes de font que poden convertir en local la feina feta físicament al país.

3. Programes temporals

Són països amb impostos normals que ofereixen a nous residents una exempció, un tipus fix o una quantitat anual durant un període determinat.

Uruguai, Itàlia, Grècia, Espanya i el nou règim turc apareixen en aquesta categoria. L’avantatge pot ser més previsible, però caduca i exigeix complir requisits d’entrada.

Els Emirats: no n’hi ha prou amb tenir un visat

Els Emirats Àrabs Units són l’exemple més conegut. No hi ha un IRPF federal equivalent a l’espanyol, però sí un IVA del 5% i un impost de societats que pot afectar activitats i empreses.

La seva Autoritat Tributària diferencia diverses vies per ser resident fiscal:

  • presència física durant 183 dies o més en dotze mesos;
  • entre 90 i 182 dies, amb permís de residència i una feina, negoci o habitatge permanent;
  • residència habitual i centre d’interessos personals i financers al país.

Per sol·licitar un certificat es demanen proves com passaport, informe d’entrades i sortides, contracte de lloguer, factures, font d’ingressos o vincles familiars.

Això mostra la diferència entre permís migratori i residència fiscal. Una golden visa permet residir; no prova necessàriament que la persona visqui allà ni resol el que decideixi l’administració del país d’origen.

Monaco és zero, amb una excepció francesa

Monaco no grava la renda personal de la majoria dels residents i tampoc té un impost general sobre el patrimoni. El govern monegasc especifica dues limitacions importants.

La primera és que l’absència d’impost només s’aplica a persones i activitats establertes efectivament al territori. La segona és l’excepció dels nacionals francesos subjectes al conveni franc-monegasc del 1963, que en general continuen tributant a França.

A més, la residència requereix habitatge i recursos suficients. El cost real d’instal·lar-se i mantenir substància a Monaco pot ser molt superior a l’estalvi d’una persona amb ingressos moderats.

Oman ja ha posat data al final del zero total

Oman continua sense un impost personal general durant el 2026, però ja ha aprovat la Llei de l’impost sobre la renda de les persones físiques.

L’Autoritat Tributària d’Oman indica que entrarà en vigor a començament del 2028. Estableix un tipus del 5% per a persones amb ingressos totals superiors a 42.000 rials omanites, aplicat als tipus de renda i sota les condicions que defineix la llei.

Per tant, Oman pot ser una opció de tipus zero avui, però no és correcte planificar-hi una exempció permanent. És un bon exemple de risc legislatiu: el règim que justifica una mudança pot canviar abans que la persona hagi recuperat els costos.

Vanuatu i el cost de la reputació

El vídeo assenyala Vanuatu com l’opció de la qual el seu autor retira més clients. El problema que descriu no és només fiscal, sinó bancari: diligència reforçada, transferències retingudes i dificultats per obrir comptes.

El Consell de la Unió Europea mantenia Vanuatu, Panamà, Anguilla i Turks i Caicos a la llista de jurisdiccions no cooperadores a efectes fiscals del 17 de febrer del 2026. Aquesta no és exactament la mateixa cosa que una llista de blanqueig de capitals, però pot influir en procediments de compliment i percepció de risc.

L’OCDE també adverteix que els programes de residència o ciutadania per inversió poden ser utilitzats indegudament per declarar una residència fiscal que no correspon als fets. Les entitats financeres han d’examinar la informació disponible i poden demanar més proves.

Un document obtingut amb una inversió no substitueix viure realment al país. Si la banca, els clients i l’administració anterior no accepten la història econòmica, l’estalvi teòric pot convertir-se en bloquejos, honoraris i litigis.

Tailàndia: remetre més tard ja no dona l’exempció antiga

El canvi tailandès és una de les parts més fàcils d’explicar malament. Des de l’1 de gener del 2024, la renda estrangera generada mentre la persona és resident fiscal a Tailàndia pot quedar subjecta a l’impost quan es remet al país, encara que la remesa es faci en un exercici posterior.

La guia de l’administració tailandesa vincula l’obligació a dues condicions: que la persona fos resident quan va obtenir la renda i que després la introdueixi a Tailàndia. La renda anterior al 2024 té un tractament diferent, i els impostos pagats a l’estranger poden donar dret a un crèdit si el conveni i la documentació ho permeten.

Per tant, la regla antiga de «guanya aquest any i porta els diners l’any següent» ja no és una solució general. També cal determinar si el treball o negoci realitzat físicament des de Tailàndia ja és renda de font tailandesa.

Malàisia i Singapur: les excepcions importen més que l’eslògan

Malàisia manté una exempció temporal per a bona part de la renda estrangera rebuda per persones residents. La documentació fiscal del 2026 situa l’horitzó actual de determinades exempcions fins al 31 de desembre del 2036, però hi ha excepcions i la data pot tornar a canviar.

Singapur és encara més matisat del que diu una etiqueta de «territorial». L’autoritat tributària explica que, en general, la renda d’ultramar rebuda per una persona a Singapur no tributa. Sí que pot tributar si arriba mitjançant una societat de persones de Singapur, si la feina exterior és incidental a una ocupació singapuresa, si el negoci estranger forma part d’un negoci exercit al país o si la feina es realitza a Singapur per a un ocupador estranger.

El lloc del compte bancari no decideix la font. Una consultoria prestada des d’una taula a Singapur pot ser activitat singapuresa encara que el client i el pagament siguin estrangers.

Irlanda: la persona pot ser non-dom i l’empresa, irlandesa

Irlanda aplica la base de remesa a determinats residents no domiciliats per a renda i guanys estrangers. El vídeo destaca un error habitual: protegir bé la situació personal però dirigir una societat estrangera des d’Irlanda.

La residència d’una empresa pot dependre de la incorporació, dels convenis i del lloc de direcció i control central. Decisions del consell, negociació de contractes, gestió bancària i treball executiu poden crear residència o un establiment imposable.

No és suficient facturar amb una societat de fora. Cal analitzar on es produeix el valor i des d’on es prenen realment les decisions.

Turquia estrena una exempció de vint anys

Turquia ha anat en la direcció contrària a la tendència de tancament. La Llei 7582 i el comunicat general publicat el 4 de juliol del 2026 ofereixen una exempció de vint anys per a renda i guanys de font estrangera de determinades persones que passen a considerar-se residents.

La condició central és no haver tingut domicili ni obligació fiscal de resident a Turquia durant els tres anys naturals anteriors. L’exempció s’aplica a residents des de l’1 de gener del 2026 i no converteix en exempta la renda de font turca.

És una novetat real, però la part difícil tornarà a ser la font. Treballar des de Turquia per a clients estrangers no garanteix automàticament que els honoraris siguin renda estrangera. La norma i els exemples s’han de revisar per a cada activitat.

El punt decisiu per a qui surt d’Espanya

La legislació espanyola considera resident una persona si es compleix qualsevol d’aquests criteris:

  • passa més de 183 dies a Espanya durant l’any natural, comptant absències esporàdiques si no acredita residència fiscal a un altre país;
  • té a Espanya el nucli principal o la base de les activitats o interessos econòmics, directament o indirectament;
  • com a presumpció que admet prova en contra, hi resideixen habitualment el cònjuge no separat i els fills menors dependents.

Per a un nacional espanyol que trasllada la residència a una jurisdicció qualificada legalment com a no cooperadora, pot operar la regla que manté la condició de contribuent durant l’any del canvi i els quatre següents. També es pot exigir prova reforçada de presència.

Si dos països consideren la mateixa persona resident, cal consultar el conveni de doble imposició. Les regles de desempat acostumen a examinar habitatge permanent, centre d’interessos vitals, estada habitual i nacionalitat. No tots els països del vídeo tenen el mateix conveni amb Espanya.

Donar-se de baixa del padró, comunicar el model censal o obtenir un certificat estranger són proves; cap gest administratiu aïllat canvia uns fets que apunten en la direcció contrària.

L’ordre correcte de les preguntes

La millor part del vídeo és el mètode final. Abans de triar un país cal descriure:

  1. Tipus de renda: salari, honoraris, dividend, benefici empresarial, interès, lloguer, plusvàlua, criptoactiu o dret d’autor.
  2. Font real: on es fa la feina, on és l’immoble, on es dirigeix l’empresa i on es pren la decisió que genera el guany.
  3. Residència anterior: quins vincles queden, quants dies i quines regles de sortida s’apliquen.
  4. Règim de destí: zero real, territorial, remesa o programa temporal.
  5. Conveni i retencions: quin Estat conserva dret a gravar cada renda.
  6. Substància i banca: habitatge, activitat, família, comptes i documentació que fan defensable la residència.
  7. Cost total: IVA, sanitat, assegurances, habitatge, societats, assessoria, successions i patrimoni.

La conclusió no és que existeixi un país universal al 0%. Existeixen jurisdiccions que no graven determinada renda personal i règims que poden arribar a un tipus efectiu reduït quan els fets encaixen.

La residència més barata sobre el paper pot ser la més cara si deixa una doble residència, una empresa gestionada des del lloc equivocat o un compte que no pot operar. Primer s’ha de resoldre d’on surt la renda i d’on surt realment la persona; el mapa ve després.

Contrast i context

Fonts consultades

10 fonts
  1. 01
  2. 02
    Agència Tributària espanyola La residència de les persones físiques
  3. 03
    Federal Tax Authority dels Emirats Àrabs Units Issuance of Tax Certificates for Tax Residency
  4. 04
    Autoritat Tributària d’Oman Issuance of Personal Income Tax Law
  5. 05
  6. 06
  7. 07
    Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore Income received from overseas
  8. 08
  9. 09
  10. 10

Font de treball

Transcripció amb marques de temps

10 fragments
Consulta la transcripció
  1. 0:00 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    0% tax residences are disappearing. And for years the story online was that they were more of them than ever. Well, the opposite is the truth. Pressure from the OECD is forcing country after country to rewrite how they tax people. And there are fewer real options today than they were five years ago. the window is closing and not opening like everybody else is saying. So this is every 0% tax residency that still exists in 2026. What each one looks like on the ground and which ones are traps that will cost you more than the tax you were trying to actually save. Choosing! Where you will be your tax resident is exactly what I do. I've spent over seven years advising clients on exactly this and I have run the international set of myself. The banking, the residences, the tax side. So I'm not reading this off a blog. I am telling you which of these I put clients into and which ones I pulled them out of. And one quick filter before we start. This is a pure tax video. It is for people deciding where to become a tax resident based on income tax and nothing else. Now, I'm not ranking these on weather or cost-of-living or how nice it is to live there just the tax. And the one most people regret is not the expense of one. It is the cheap, easy, 0% residency that looks like a shortcut. I will get to exactly which one and why. First, the one idea that organizes everything, because without it, this list is being basically just a trivia. When people say 0% tax country, they treat it as a single thing. It is not. There are three completely different ways a country can leave you paying little or no income tax, and they do not carry the same risk. Now the first one is genuinely zero. No personal income tax at all, by law on anyone. The Gulf States and Aro of Caribbean Islands are leading here.

  2. 1:42 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    The rate really is nothing. Now the second one is territorial or remittance-based. The country only taxes income that is earned locally or only taxes money that you actually bring into the country. Your rate is not set by the country. It is basically set on how you structure things. Get it right. It is effective, Lizziero. Get it wrong and you're paying full local rates without releasing you sign up for it. The third! is a time limited program. The country has normal taxes, but it offers a special deal to new arrivals, a flat fee or an exemption for a fixed number of years. Clean, if you qualify, and only four as long as the clock runs. Same headline, low tax. Three very different machines underneath. So I'm going to walk you through all of these three. And as I go, watch for the part that decides whether one of these actually works for you. category one, the genuinely zero tax countries. No personal income tax by law. Let's start in the Gulf because this is where most of the series money actually lives. The UAE is the headline. Zero percent personal income tax, there is 5 percent VAT and 9 percent corporate tax that only bites on company profit above a trash hold and only for certain entities. But for you, the individuals, the income tax is nothing. Qatar. same story, 0% income tax on individuals, no VAT at all, Bahrain, again, 0% income tax with the 10% VAT and the last one, Kuwait. Zero personal income tax and Kuwait just announced a couple of weeks ago that they are launching a 15 year residency for foreign investors. We're moving on to no income tax islands. The Bahamas, zero income tax with the VAT of around 10%. Bermuda, zero.

  3. 3:24 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    Income Tax, though it funds itself with a payroll tax instead. The Cayman Islands. No Income Tax, no corporate tax, no capital gains tax, it runs on improduties and fees. The British Virgin Islands, Turks and Kicos, Anglia. Antigamber Buda, Vanuatu, and Brunei are all genuinely tax-zero on personal income, each finding itself through some mix of duties, Virti, or fees instead. Two special cases that always come up. The first one is Monaco. Zero income tax on individuals with one very big exception. If you're a French national... you do not get it. A treaty between France and Monaco means French citizens living in Monaco still pay French income tax on their worldwide income. So Monaco is genuinely 0% just not for the one nationality that is closest to it. And another one, Oman. Today, Oman is a zero. income tax country. But it is the one to watch for because Oman has announced the personal income tax that starts in 2020. 8. I'll all rate aimed at high earners. It will be the first Gulf State to tax personal income at all. So if you're looking at Oman as a permanent 0% tax base, understand the clock is already running on that. Now that is the list of countries where the rate is really and actually 0%. Now the part that matters more than any of them and the part that costs people

  4. 5:06 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    the most. The mistake in category one is assuming that the tax rate is the thing that matters. It is not. What matters is whether the rest of the world treats your new residency as legitimate. Now this is the part. Most people skip when they see 0% tax. A lot of these jurisdictions, most of the Caribbean ones, especially, carry a built-in reputation problems. Bank see them and think of social companies, citizenship by investment, low substance residents who does not really live there. So when you go to open an account at the serious bank in Europe, to UAE or Singapore, you're shining in your residence in one of these places will not help you. Antiga, Angilia, the British Virgin Islands, Turks and Kcos, they all carry some of this. Even the Cayman Islands, which is the most respected off the offshore centers, can trigger and he's due diligence at own porting. And then there is the one eye pool clients out of more than any other, and that is one one. On paper, it looks perfect. A cheap fast 0% residency and easy passport in practice. It has the worst banking reputation in this entire category. Vanuatu has set on the European Union's high risk list. longer than almost anywhere, and the practical effect is that banks treated as a compliance hazard. Retain wire transfers get holder refused, you get a 0% tax residency and financial life that does not function. And that is the single most regretted choice in this category, and we steer clients away from it before they make it not after. Now the clean exception is Bermuda. It is genuinely 0% tax on income and it does not carry the offshore stigma because it is pretty expensive to live in and people who actually called residents it there tend to actually live there. So it's real substance, real cost and real reputation.

  5. 6:48 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    That is the difference. So the real test in category 1 is not the rate, which is 0 everywhere. It is 3 things. Will a series bank work with you on this residency? Does it have a real resident profile or a shell company 1? And if a tax authority back home even asks, can you defend it? Get those right? And 0% is real. Ignore them, and 0% is... a trap. Before I move to the second category, one thing. Picking the country is the easy part. The hard part is the structure underneath it. The entity, the banking, the order you do things in, the part that decides whether you're 0% actually holds up. That is what our firm actually does for clients every day. And there is a link below if you want us to look at your specific setup and help you out. Now let's move on to category 2. territorial and remittance-based countries. This is where most smart setups end up and it is also where most people get it wrong because here your tax rate is not fixed by the country. It is decided by how you structure your income. The list is super long. We have Panama, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay, Hong Kong Singapore, Malaysia, Georgia, Thailand, the Philippines, Malta and Cyprus, so-so. Channel islands, Gibraltar, Ireland, so-so, and the common idea between them all is the same. Foreign income is either not taxed at all, or only taxed when you bring it into the country. So in theory, keep your income earned abroad and kept abroad and your tax can be close to zero. Here are four places that theory breaks, because these are the ones I spent my time fixing. The first one is Thailand.

  6. 8:31 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    People still think of Thailand as keep your money offshore and pay nothing. Well, that's not being true. Since the first of January 2024 foreign income is taxable if you are a tight tax resident and you bring that income into Thailand in the same year that you earned it. Regulate in later and it's still exempt. So it is now a timing system and not a pure territorial one. And there is a second sharper edge most people miss. If you sell a business or crypto or stocks while you are physically sitting in Thailand, the authority is Ken. argue, the decision and the work happened in Thailand, which makes it a Thai income and taxable. Even if they exchange the broker, the company, and the bank are all foreign. That is a source of income question, and it catches people who taught they were safe. The second one is Malaysia. People assume Malaysia is territorial. It is not. Not by default. Under the law, foreign income is taxable when you receive it in Malaysia. And right now, there's an exceptional order that shields most for an income for individual residents and it has been extended out for years. But that is the catch. It is an exemption that has been changed more than once and could change again and it does not cover everything. People get burned by bringing money in without thinking or assuming received means something it does not. Somalasia can work, but you are relying on an exemption, not a permanent territorial rule to face it like that. The third one is Singapore. Same trap, but dressed up nicely. Foreign income is taxable if it is received in Singapore, unless it qualifies for an exemption. Now for most individuals, that exemption is broad.

  7. 10:13 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    but the line people repeat that Singapore is just 0% or foreign income is not right. If you carry on a trade in Singapore or the income flows through a Singaporean partnership, it can still be taxed. So, trade Singapore is territorial with conditions not as a blanket zero. And the final one is Ireland. Now Ireland doesn't really fit into this group because Irish program is a non-dom program. And we say it's a program so it may fit more into the third group. But we put it here because... The rules of a non-dom are technically the same as the territorial ones. What does that mean? Now the Irish non-divergeem itself is very good. If you're a resident, but not a domicile, you're taxed on foreign income only when you bring it into Ireland with no time limit and no annual charge. The main problem is not the regime. It is the company. What people do is people run their foreign company from their desk in Ireland and accidentally make it Irish. taxable income because Ireland looks at where a company is actually managed and controlled and it has anti-voyed on rules for foreign subsidiaries. So your personal tax may be fine and meanwhile your offshore company has become an Irish resident company. So that is the biggest Ireland track. The pattern across all four is the same. The country itself is not the risk. The structure is the risk. And in category 2, the second order question, where is the synchrome really from and when do I touch it? Decides your actual tax rate. Now category 3, the time limited programs. These are normal tax countries that offer newer rivals a special deal for a set number of years. Clean and predictable as long as you qualify and as long as the clock actually runs. Uruguay gives new tax residents a long tax holiday on foreign income.

  8. 11:55 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    around 11 years, or the option of a low flat rate on that income from the start instead. We're knowing the entry bar was tightened in 4,026, so the requirements are higher than the old version you might read about. Now the second country is Italy, which offers a flat tax on all your foreign income, one fixed summer year for up to 15 years. That figure was raised at the end of 2025 to a higher number for new arrivals with earlier movers kept on the rate they signed up at. Greece runs a similar non-domdial, a flat annual tax on foreign income for up to 15 years, in exchange for an investment into the country. Spain has the back of regime, where qualifying new arrivals pay a flat rate on Spanish employment income, and importantly, most foreign income falls outside Spanish tax for the years it runs around 6 and Turkey. Turkey just passed the new program in 2026 that gives qualifying new residents a very long exemption on their foreign income, only locally earned income gets taxed plus the tiny rate on inheritance and gifts. Now to qualify you generally have to be someone who has not been at Turkish tax resident for the last few years. It is brand new. So the fine print will keep settling but as a 256 headline, it is one of the most aggressive offers any country is making right now. So while the overall trend is the windows closing, four countries moved the other way this year, not by cutting taxes but by finally letting you in. So you have the full list. And this last part is what turns it from trivia into this session.

  9. 13:37 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    So if you take one thing from this video, take this. Do not start with the country. And do not start with the lifestyle. Everyone starts there and it is exactly why they end up in the wrong place. Start with your income. That is if tax reduction is your priority. Step 1. Name your income type. Salary, dividends, business profits, capital gains, crypto royalties, credit interests. These are taxed completely differently. And the right country for one is the wrong country for another. Step two. Find the true source of that income. Not where your bank is, but where the work is actually performed, where the company is really managed from, where the asset sits, where the decisions are being made. That is the question every tax authority asks, and it is the one that caught people in Thailand and Ireland and a lot of other EU countries. Step three. Only now. measure income and its source to the right category. So if your income is genuinely foreign and you want to clean and simple, no headache, a category one country are true, zero tax. Country can fit as long as you pass the banking in the sub-centest, I talked about. Now, if your income is foreign, but your comfortable structuring it properly, a category 2 can get you to effectively zero on that foreign income. And if you want a certainty for a set number of years and you can qualify, a category 3 program gives you a clean and defined deal. That is the order. Income type, then true source and then category. And then...

  10. 15:19 , obre el vídeo en una pestanya nova

    Go ahead and watch the second order problem for which ever category you land in because that is where the money is actually one or lost. In category one... It is the banking reputation and whether you can defend the residency in category 2, it is the remittance and source rules when you touch the money and wear it truly came from. Now, the single most expensive thing I see is someone who did it backwards. That is how you end up technically tax-residents somewhere with a bank that will not work for you or structure that became taxable at home without noticing. And none of that is fixable afterwards. All of it is avoidable before you actually move. Now the list of countries will keep on shrinking. The OECD pressure is not going away, but the method does not change. Start with your income, find it through source, match it to the right category, and handle the second order problem. Do that, and you do not need the list to stay the same because you will always know how to actually read it. These are every 0% tax residences that still exist in 2026. And the method for choosing between them. But knowing the countries is just the start. What actually points you to the right one is being clear about the exact tax problems you're trying to leave because that is what tells you which of these three categories you actually need. Now we made a full breakdown of the tax problem most people in Europe are trying to escape and what to do about it. It pairs directly with this one. It is right here and I will see you over there.